Reggae

Reggae is a music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. While sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to most types of Jamaican music, the term reggae more properly denotes a particular music style that originated following on the development of ska and rocksteady.

Reggae is based on a rhythmic style characterized by accents on the off-beat, known as the skank. Reggae is normally slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. Reggae usually accents the second and fourth beat in each bar, with the rhythm guitar also either emphasising the third beat or holding the chord on the second beat until the fourth is played. It is mainly this "third beat", its speed and the use of complex bass lines that differentiated reggae from rocksteady, although later styles incorporated these innovations separately.

The shift from rocksteady to reggae was illustrated by the organ shuffle pioneered by Bunny Lee, and featured in the transitional singles "Say What You're Saying" (1967) by Clancy Eccles, and "People Funny Boy" (1968) by Lee "Scratch" Perry. The Pioneers' 1967 track "Long Shot Bus' Me Bet" has been identified as the earliest recorded example of the new rhythm sound that became known as reggae.[7] Early 1968 was when the first genuine reggae records came into being: "Nanny Goat" by Larry Marshall and "No More Heartaches" by The Beltones. American artist Johnny Nash's 1968 hit "Hold Me Tight" has been credited with first putting reggae in the American listener charts.[8]. Also in 1968 was "The Israelites" by Desmond Dekker of Jamaica. Reggae was starting to surface in rock music; an example of a rock song featuring reggae rhythm is 1968's "Ob-La-Di , Ob-La-Da." by The Beatles.[9]

The Wailers, a band that was started by Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and Bunny Wailer in 1963, are generally agreed to be the most easily recognised group worldwide that made the change through all three stages — from ska hits like "Simmer Down", through slower rocksteady, to reggae. In addition to the Wailers, other significant pioneers include Prince Buster, Desmond Dekker, Jackie Mittoo and several others.

Jamaican producers were influential in the development of ska into rocksteady and reggae in the 1960s. Some of the many notable Jamaican producers in the 1960s include Coxsone Dodd, Lee "Scratch" Perry, Leslie Kong, Duke Reid, Joe Gibbs and King Tubby. An early producer was Chris Blackwell, who founded Island Records in Jamaica in 1960, then relocated to England in 1962, where he continued to promote Jamaican music. He formed a partnership with Trojan Records, founded by Lee Gopthal in 1968. Trojan released recordings by reggae artists in the UK until 1974, when Saga bought the label.

Around 1960, in the slums of Kingston Jamaica, local drummers mixed sounds from American R&B, Pan-African, and the Caribbean’s to produce a musical mixture called Reggae [10]. Drummers began to emphasize the after-beat, the 2nd and 4th beats, in unison with the guitar and piano while the bass played the contrary quarter notes. This sound was described as “upside-down R&B” which eventually received a deviated name, SKA [10]. The Jamaican born music, Reggae, all started with Coxson Dodd’s birth of the sound systems in 1950 which promoted new records and hosted local dances. Although it has been said that the sound-system dances existed only to promote the sell of liquor and beer, the defining aspect of them in the crux of the ghetto life was that they were cultural, in contrary to being merely a culture [11]. In This Is Reggae Music, Derrick Harriot who is a prosperous music entrepreneur, described the atmosphere of the sound-system dances during his downtown teenage years to be more than just a sound of music. “The equipment was so powerful and the vibe was so strong that they could feel it, as if when they were dancing and were actually part of it” [11]. Expressing the idea that Reggae music is more than just a sound produced, it was the life and soul of the Jamaican people. You can feel their emotions, experience their culture and truly understand the love and sincerity they receive from their music.

The 1972 film The Harder They Come, starring Jimmy Cliff, generated considerable interest and popularity for reggae in the United States, and Eric Clapton's 1974 cover of the Bob Marley song "I Shot the Sheriff" helped bring reggae into the mainstream.[2] By the mid 1970s, reggae was getting radio play in the UK on John Peel's radio show, and Peel continued to play reggae on his show throughout his career. What is called the "Golden Age of Reggae" corresponds roughly to the heyday of roots reggae. In the second half of the 1970s, the UK punk rock scene was starting to form, and some punk DJs played reggae songs during their sets. Some punk bands incorporated reggae influences into their music. At the same time, reggae began to enjoy a revival in the UK that continued into the 1980s, exemplified by groups like Steel Pulse, Aswad, UB40, and Musical Youth. Other artists who enjoyed international appeal in the early 1980s include Third World, Black Uhuru and Sugar Minott. The Grammy Awards introduced the Best Reggae Album category in 1985.

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